Models for renal toxicity
A number of pharmaceuticals pass pre-clinical assessment without that their inherent renal toxicity or potential carcinogenicity is recognized. Renal toxicity in the clinical trials or renal tumors in the 2-year carcinogenicity bioassays can lead to drug attrition. Thus better early assays, specifically using human renal cell systems (preferably 3-D systems) would help detecting renal toxicity as well as allow understanding the underlying mechanisms of renal carcinogenesis
